顯微鏡資訊：固體復合沸石微孔材料樣品體視顯微鏡

固(gu)體復(fu)合沸(fei)石微(wei)孔材(cai)料樣品體視顯微(wei)鏡(jing)

多孔催化材料發展綜(zong)述

多孔催化材料是具有規則孔結構的固體化合物，包括硅酸鹽化合物、磷酸鹽化合物、金屬有機配合物等。生物顯微鏡用來觀察生物切片、生物細胞、細菌以及活體組織培養、流質沉淀等的觀察和研究，同時可以觀察其他透明或者半透明物體以及粉末、細小顆粒等物體。左圖所示為生產的倒置生物顯微鏡型，該生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)也是(shi)食品廠、飲用(yong)水(shui)廠辦QS、HACCP認證的必備(bei)檢(jian)驗設備(bei)。熒光(guang)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)以(yi)紫外線(xian)為光(guang)源， 用(yong)以(yi)照射被(bei)檢(jian)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)， 使之發出熒光(guang)， 然(ran)后在(zai)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)下(xia)觀察物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)的形(xing)狀及(ji)其所在(zai)位(wei)置。熒光(guang)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)用(yong)于(yu)研究細胞內物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質的吸(xi)收、運(yun)輸、化(hua)學(xue)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質的分(fen)布及(ji)定(ding)位(wei)等。偏(pian)光(guang)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)用(yong)于(yu)研究所謂透(tou)明與不透(tou)明各向異性(xing)材料的一種(zhong)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)。這種(zhong)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)的載(zai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺(tai)是(shi)可以(yi)旋轉的，當載(zai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺(tai)上放入(ru)單(dan)折射的物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質時，無論如何旋轉載(zai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺(tai)，由于(yu)兩個偏(pian)振(zhen)片是(shi)垂(chui)直的，顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)里看不到光(guang)線(xian)，而放入(ru)雙折射性(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質時，由于(yu)光(guang)線(xian)通(tong)過這類(lei)(lei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質時發生偏(pian)轉，因此(ci)旋轉載(zai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺(tai)便能(neng)檢(jian)測到這種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)。某(mou)些材料的孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)與烴類(lei)(lei)分(fen)子(zi)的孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)相(xiang)似，孔(kong)(kong)隙中含有(you)強(qiang)酸或(huo)其它基團，有(you)利于(yu)烴類(lei)(lei)分(fen)子(zi)的吸(xi)附、活化(hua)和形(xing)狀選擇性(xing)轉化(hua)。

多(duo)(duo)(duo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)已廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)煉油、化(hua)(hua)工、環保(bao)、汽車等行(xing)業(ye)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)石(shi)油化(hua)(hua)工行(xing)業(ye)*重要的(de)(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)之一(yi)。因此(ci)，新(xin)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)合成(cheng)(cheng)、多(duo)(duo)(duo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)高性能改性、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)和(he)(he)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)征一(yi)直是催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)領域的(de)(de)(de)重要研究內容。由于(yu)不同的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)對多(duo)(duo)(duo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)道和(he)(he)表(biao)(biao)面結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)有不同的(de)(de)(de)要求，幾十年來，人(ren)們一(yi)直在(zai)探索和(he)(he)合成(cheng)(cheng)新(xin)型多(duo)(duo)(duo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，包括改變多(duo)(duo)(duo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑以適(shi)應(ying)不同大(da)小分子的(de)(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)轉化(hua)(hua)，改變多(duo)(duo)(duo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)骨架組成(cheng)(cheng)使其具(ju)有特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)性能。目前(qian)，已經(jing)合成(cheng)(cheng)了數百種不同結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。一(yi)般來說，多(duo)(duo)(duo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)按孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑大(da)小分為(wei)∞-,包括微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑小于(yu)2nm)、介(jie)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑2 ~ 50nm)和(he)(he)大(da)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑大(da)于(yu)50nm)。

對于企業絕大多數通過催化氧化反應方面來說，反應物及產物分子的尺寸設計一般都是小于1nm，因此研究微孔材料可以作為一種催化劑的應用發展*為人們廣泛，沸石分子篩材料是其中*重要的一類微孔材料。沸石分子篩材料是具有一個多孔骨架網絡結構的硅酸鹽化合物，即它的三維模型骨架是由TO。(T=硅、鋁或雜原子)四面體構成，四面體中4個氧原子與另一個四面體共用，若干四面體連接先形成次級產品結構分析單元(SBU)、再組成方式不同系統拓撲管理結構的各種影響沸石。其中我們*常見的沸石是硅鋁酸鹽，硼、鎵、鍺、鐵、鈦等雜原子經濟部分技術取代硅原子或碳、氮、磷等原子主義取代氧原子即為雜原子沸石。迄今中國已有176種拓撲數據結構的沸石被合成和發現，除40余種沸石存在于自然界的天然礦物中，其他國家均為我國人工智能合成。沸石微孔材料在煉油與石油大學化工中的應用問題*為基礎廣泛，其中占市場價值份額達到*大的是Y型沸石，應用于國際石油煉制流化床催化裂化生產過程，其次是ZSM一5和絲光沸石，應用于重整、歧化、異構化和烷基化等石油化學化工工藝過程。